I have a question about this episode Using Caffeine to Optimize Mental & Physical Performance | Huberman Lab Podcast 101 and this GLP-1 and Satiety How does GLP-1 affect appetite?

GLP-1, or glucagon-like peptide 1, significantly influences appetite by acting on the brain and gut to reduce hunger and enhance feelings of fullness. According to Andrew Huberman, GLP-1 activates specific neurons in the hypothalamus, the brain region responsible for hunger and satiety, leading to a sensation of being sated and a reduction in the desire to eat more. This peptide also communicates with the gut to produce a sense of fullness, even without the stomach being physically distended 1.

This dual signaling pathway—partly involving brain activation and partly gut signaling—ensures that when GLP-1 is present, the feeling of fullness is effectively communicated throughout the body, helping to regulate appetite and eating behaviors. The relevance of GLP-1 extends to weight management, and its analogues are being explored for treating obesity and diabetes 1.