Executive functions

Executive functions are goal-directed cognitive abilities, largely associated with the prefrontal cortex, that help us plan, organize, and turn goals and intentions into action. 1

• Frontal-lobe damage and everyday functioning: When the frontal lobes are not functioning optimally, people may struggle to set priorities, achieve goals, resist distraction, and adapt flexibly. 2
• Ways to support executive function: Goal management training uses therapist-guided, real-world projects—such as planning a meal or vacation—to practice staying focused, breaking goals into subgoals, and monitoring progress. The approach involves repeated, active training rather than relying only on computerized exercises. 3
• Executive control and creativity: In creative work, the executive network helps suppress possible thoughts or actions, narrowing choices; the default mode network contributes spontaneous imagination drawing on past experience and memory. 4
• Memory and ADHD: Executive function is closely intertwined with memory. In ADHD, the prefrontal cortex’s communication with other brain areas can be less effective, making it harder to regulate attention and suppress distracting activity. 5 6